FurtherEmissionsReduction2024

Link to ManseEnergyData for 2022 > GettingOffGas > EmissionsReport202409

Further Emissions Reduction 2024

• WarrenGreenwood convened a meeting to consider "What (more) can we do to help Synod achieve the 2040 commitment to have “all of UCA Victoria Synod achieve zero emissions by 2040"?

Report of meeting 16 March

• Thank you to those who were able to attend the discussion on Saturday morning.  I think it was productive and exciting.
  
  Two key questions were asked.
  What (more) can we do to help Synod achieve the 2040 commitment to have “all of UCA Victoria Synod achieve zero emissions by 2040"?
  What more can we do to further improve our Environmental position?
  
  There was also a discussion about the term “emissions”, what they are and how are they managed, and although that created a useful discussion overall the group was prepared to go with a much broader interpretation and focus on question 2 possibilities more than strictly emission reductions, and so we agreed on a number of initiative possibilities.
  
  Summary of the discussion (This was a starting discussion - I am sure more will arise):-
  
  Site information - to help everyone understand where we are at already.
  Worship complex:-
  Double brick steel framed facility with full ceiling insulation throughout;
  3 x 10 Kwh 120 panel Solar system
  48,000 litres of water capture in multiple tanks used for toilets and garden
  LED lighting installed in Worship space, Foyer, Fellowship, Office.
  Reverse cycle A/c in worship space, foyer, fellowship, office, Room 4, Room 1, ministers office and kitchen and 15+ year plus a/c in Rooms 2 & 3
  Gas ducted heating in Rooms 1/2/3.
  Electric Ovens - Gas hotplates.
  We have already achieved zero carbon annually by the solar panels.
  
  Manses 15/17/19 Southdown ave:-
  Gas ducted heating in all three manses.
  Gas boosted solar hot water in 15/17
  Gas Hot Water in 19
  LED lighting throughout 15/17
  A/c in lounge of 19
  Evaporative Cooling in 15/17
  Solar Panels on 15/17
  All manses are fully insulated ceiling and walls
  
  Saturday 16th Discussion opportunities - in shorthand - happy to explain any confusions:-
  Convert all lighting to LED wherever possible (as soon as possible) including the manses. But start with the worship complex.
  It was agreed that although many of the ceiling lights are still working well, they should be replaced with LED versions in a planned and immediate cycle. Not just globes - the entire fitting.
  So for example, we should aim to change the lights in Rooms 1, 2 & 3, Inner/Outer Vestry, Room 4 entrance and Room 4 in 2024 (approx $80 per fitting plus labour) Estimate $2,000.
  Hall lighting will need to wait until a hoist is available for other purposes - aim for 2025
  Install motion sensor in toilets and meeting rooms to ensure lights go off. (Caution - toilet sensors need to ensure users are NEVER left in the dark due to lack of movement).
  Complex and Manses Gas heating and cooking:
  Remove reliance on Gas heating where and when possible or when they break.
  Room 1 has Rev A/c and that gas unit could be disconnected immediately to prevent use, but leave in place until other rooms are addressed.
  Rooms 2 & 3 have 15+ y.o. A/c that should be replaced asap - Budget for 2025/2026 to install either single unit or double headed unit.
  Only then remove the gas heaters from those 3 rooms. Aim to complete by late 2026(unless any component fails before that time)
  It would be desirable to replace the kitchen gas cook top with an electric induction version Likewise for manses - but not until the gas top breaks or late 2035 - current cost $2,800 for complex kitchen - manses to be priced.
  Replace Manse gas ducted heating as and when they break - otherwise look to 2035 to 2040 budgets. (Note - manses heating, cooking and power savings only return to the occupants not the congregation as the occupants pay for them, so this would be a capital outlay at the church expense with any $$ benefits going to the occupants.)
  Replace manses and church hot water systems with heat pump technology - when they fail - 2035 to 2040 (or before)
  Where possible, adjust any HWS activity to when solar is available where available.
  Batteries and solar:  Note: GWUC and UCA are not eligible for Vic Govt rebates as we are not the occupant of the home and we do not own it but there are some Federal grants available.
  Manses:
  Install batteries in 15/17 around 2030 to 2035 or earlier if funding and opportunities arise. Remember - only $ benefits occupants. Cost around $12,000 each.
  Install solar in 19 if practical (say) 2030 - to be evaluated as it may require the removal of the 40 plus y.o. tree - (and later add batteries)
  Investigate Double glazing in the manses where possible. No time frame - put on the “to do” list.
  Worship complex:
  Install batteries (3 x 10Kwh) - approximately $40,000 - could be funded in a similar way to solar panels by the actual savings. May take 10 to 15 years to repay. look to budget 2025.
  As no complex windows get direct sunlight for very long, solar protections may not be beneficial, and therefore double glazing may not be effective.
  Expand the current 3 x 120 solar array to maximum roof availability. - This may be restricted by wholesalers input limits but in conjunction with Batteries can still be beneficial. Include in battery discussion with commercial Suppliers - church system is commercial not domestic.
  General and Other opportunities:
  Funding for some of these projects could be put to the congregation for direct support.
  Grants and other sources to be investigated when a project is being evaluated.  For example, the Water Harvest Scheme was fully funded by Govt Grant and the A/c units in the church, foyer and fellowship were 50% funded by Sustainability Victoria.
  GWUC Future Fund may in 2028 - 2030, have funds that could be directed to some of these projects.
  It was agreed that an education program to the congregation on the wider benefits of some of these projects may encourage them to do the same in their homes.
  Investigate the cost of converting the main entrance doors (north and south) to automatic air lock rotating doors - major building expense to be costed - 2035+.
  Replace worn weather seals in worship area and investigate door and window seals around the complex. Particularly hall - immediate 2024 - 2025 budget.
  Investigate alternative heating options for hall - currently 8 x 1500w radiator units.
  Install EV charger in Office Manager location if Office manager obtains an EV. Likewise for manses.
  Continue to look for better ways to recycle waste - it is acknowledged this is hard in an unsupervised kitchen and hall, but as a part of a wider eduction program it may become possible. Example - It could be a condition of hire and if not properly done by a hirer, the $ Bond would not be refunded.
  Power any new external signage by solar/battery option - like you see around the streets now.
  
  Although some (many) of these would not necessarily reduce the UCA “emissions", it sets an environmental standard and process for the community and other churches to see.
  
  Next steps:
  I will try to get some numbers for items such as new A/c in Rooms 2/3, removing and replacing Gas Ducted heating in the manses, batteries for the church and manses and put together a financial impact statement.  This is my 3 to 6 month project and then I will discuss them with Property and Treasurer as to which budget year.
  I will keep you in the loop.
  
  As always if you have some specific other suggestions they are always welcome, but I encourage you to talk to Property members or David Morgan to ensure you have all the current understanding of our site.
  
  Again a big thanks to the team on Saturday - it sounds exciting with lots of possibilities, and thank you also to those who submitted written suggestions - they were helpful in developing the above.
  
  WarrenGreenwood

Advice from Solar installer

• 27 Mar 2024 via WarrenGreenwood

  • Feedback from Murray - Electrical Engineer supporting our existing solar array.
    He was the person who replaced one of our Inverters that died 2 years ago.
    
    The remaining two SMA Inverters, based on the data he can see when logged into them, are showing very early signs of minor and non urgent deterioration in their performance.
    These units are now 10 years old.  At the end of their warranty but should last a further few years.
    None of our 3 Inverters are capable of having a battery system attached, and they would all need to be changed to a Hybrid SMA version to accomodate and manage a battery array.
    SMA currently do not offer a commercial grade 30 Kwh industrial Hybrid Inverter, but have commenced testing and using a “SunGro” 20 Kwh Inverter that they are re-badging as SMA.  Their data today is positive this will be a good unit to consider.
    He confirms David’s numbers that we are currently running annually at a rate that makes us Carbon Neutral - i.e. we generate 50 units per year and consume 40 units per year.
    ANY change we want to make to the current system will allow (and they will) United Energy to WITHDRAW our current approval of sending up to 30 Kwh to the grid and reduce it to a maximum of 15 Kwh.  This is because now they do not allow any commercial system over 15 Kwh to export more than that currently (Domestic is 5 Kwh) and they are taking the opportunity to pull back the Feed Ins when they can  because the infrastructure cannot cope with these volumes.
    As a “spit in hand” estimate number, if we wanted to replace one or more Inverters with an Inverter/Battery array, it will cost approximately $1,000 per Kwh. i.e. 20 Kwh Battery/Inverter and Control unit = $20,000. Batteries are the bulk ($14K) of that cost, but are reducing in price slowly.
    Based on the numbers over the past 3 years, we could justify a single 20 Kwh Inverter (to replace the 2 x 10) and a battery array of 20 Kwh, which would support 90% - 95% of our night time usage and almost all day-time usage. (We deliberately did 3 x 10 Kwh so that if an Inverter or panel/s broke, we would continue to get some level of performance until repaired. This was a good decision as when one Inverter died it took 3 months to replace it under warranty).
    Even at a 15 Kwh export limit we could justify financially this level of battery support which would pay for itself in a 8 to 12 year timeframe due to the savings.
    There are NO subsidies available for a church complex batteries array.
    The installation should/would require a monitoring option to enable best practice management of usage.
    Our current setup could also have an EV charger added - that could be used if we went to battery, that if used day time would make even better use of our now generated power.
    The optimal time to add a battery array would be when one of the original Inverters fails and requires replacement. Then a hybrid and battery array could be considered with a battery system that could be expanded when the remaining Inverter failed.
    The current solar array is working well - by the numbers.

• A "Hybrid inverter" is an inverter that can use either PV panels or a DC connected battery as input.

Comments from DavidMorgan

• For an alternative view on adding batteries to an existing installation, see https://www.solarquotes.com.au/blog/hybrid-vs-solar-inverters/ You need AC connected batteries.

• For export limits, see https://www.solarquotes.com.au/blog/dynamic-solar-exports-victoria
  "The previous fixed export limit of 5 kW per phase has been effectively doubled in Victoria. New compliant inverters can now export between 1.5 kW and 10 kW per phase, likely to operate at the upper limit most of the time."
  It would require new "Dynamic Solar Export" enabled inverters.

• For information on "Sun Tax" see here

Manses

• See ManseEnergyData for 2022.

Night time consumption data

• See DayNightElectricity

Advice from NeilLeister

• 29 March 2024
• The existing inverters are each 3 phase units with 10kW total output.

• This does complicate the installation of batteries especially if recharging of batteries from panels during a blackout is required.

Updated Interim draft report for discussion Warren Greenwood

Following extensive discussions with project participants and obtaining price estimates from potential contractors, the following report is designed to enable discussion and decision making to commence to move the projects forward.

Project aim: To deliver zero emissions throughout the UCA – Vic/Tas (GWUC) by 2040 within the financial capabilities of the congregation.

Critical Definitions and Assumptions:-

• To obtain extensive support from the congregation in taking any of the recommended actions, the presentation must be simple (not simplistic) clear, uncomplicated, concise and constructive – so we must be clear in our perceived values and have a significant element of common-sense showing in the proposed projects.

Although the projects must have available supporting technical and financial evidence, it is not advisable to confuse the congregation with excessive scientific evidence (for or against a proposal), links to numerous other sources of information requiring much time to absorb or complex explanations attached to the proposals. The congregation expect us to do that work.

Many years ago, I was told that “if you cannot explain a problem in a single sentence, you do not know what the real problem is”. So, this report will not detail specific kWh savings as these are all “point in time” calculations that can be disputed because they can change in an instant if we rent space to a different hirer, we change our church service times and even if Church Council decide to meet onsite/offsite, day/night, mid-winter or summer only, or that we have more/less sunny days than previously etc etc. So consumption data is all past tense. Like the finance industry says “Past performance is not an indicator of future outcomes”. They are indicative calculations only.

• Carbon neutral vs emissions: During the conversations, it was clear that there are many different definitions on Carbon Neutrality and what are the Emissions discussed. All the definitions are in the main correct – but differ. For the purposes of this report, I have defined the issue as follows:- o GWUC (Worship complex only) can be, and is, Carbon Neutral because the power generated by our solar array, exceeds the power we draw from the grid. But it needs to be very clearly explained to the congregation that with only solar panels, all our generation is provided to the grid and that we receive all our power from the grid. There is a “financial” offset that we receive BUT to put it in simple terms, the Yallourn coal fired power station still has to run just as hard to accommodate our power use, and therefore we are still complicit in generating any related emissions. To reduce emissions, driven by our complex, we need to directly use our own solar generation before it goes to the grid. (Yes, there is an option to change our supplier to one who offers “green” energy, but the underlying concept is the same, that is an “offset” arrangement, not an actual reduced demand). o The current calculations that have been circulated and discussed DO NOT include the 3 manses (15/17/19 Southdown Ave) because the power, heating, cooling, and gas usage in the manses are the responsibility of the occupants and are NOT the responsibility of, or available to, the congregation (some of the past occupants have been willing to share this data for our estimates). o Because we draw ALL our power from the grid, we are still complicit in generating emissions caused by coal fired and other sources of power. o Emissions can be defined as – “Anything that’s been released out to the open – but more generally in this topic, refers to gases being released into the air such as greenhouse gasses or emissions from power plants and factories” (Vocabulary.com) o The report also does not, and cannot, make allowances or calculations for 3rd party emissions. (Here follows an over-the-top example). We are unable to determine the emissions generated by Melbourne Water in delivering water to our site. Melbourne water use electric pumps throughout their network to create the “gravity feed” system on which we rely, and we have no values to determine if they are managed by renewable energy or coal fired options. But this is what I meant in the above paragraph, trying to prove that number is a pointless exercise and will distract us, and the congregation, from the larger goals, but let there be no misunderstanding, there are emissions that we initiate by using water. • There is an almost endless list of smaller possible projects that will reduce heating and/or power consumption. This report will focus on those with significant outcomes. Projects such as replacing isolated light fittings in the manses with LED lights, are a given that they will occur and do not need evaluation. Turning off toilet lights at night and discussing the installation of toilet stall light timers are a distraction. These can be described as “low hanging fruit” projects that can be done at any time and will probably deliver a low value return.

Projects: Worship Complex:- Installation of solar batteries on the worship complex solar array. Following discussions with our solar contractor/consultant this will lift our effective use of our solar generation from around 40% to between 60% and 70% annually – if not greater. It will require the existing Inverters to be replaced (as only purpose designed inverters can manage batteries). The key benefits of this project would be to significantly reduce our grid power demand. It will provide backup power in the event of short term outages enabling worship, streaming and meetings to proceed and hirers to use and fund our congregation. It can be guaranteed that irrespective of the “flavour of government” in power, power costs will continue to rise, and Feed In Tariffs will continue to fluctuate. In the past 5 years, FIT has gone from 60c kWh to 4.9 kWh. So, I believe that will continue. Our consultant has also indicated that if we replace our Inverters, our area wholesaler – United Energy – will reduce our approved Feed In power flow from the 30 kWh we currently enjoy, to a 15 kWh maximum due to the excessive solar supply coming from other solar installations, BUT that the usage saving of 29-31 cents per kWh far outweighs the benefit of the 4.9cents kWh paid as a FIT. Having a 10 to 15 years recovery vision, is not an issue as unlike our own homes, and it is more probable that GWUC will be here in 10 years. So pure repayment should be achievable. By converting our power reliance to Solar/Batteries, many smaller projects that have a much lower payback option or capital outlay become less critical.

Recommendations: • Estimated costs; $20,000 (includes new inverters) • Financing to be achieved by an internal loan (like when we installed and paid for the solar panels). To be repaid by any savings in the following 10-12 years using the 2024 costs as a baseline year. • Timing of project: Immediate - following obtaining 2/3 formal quotes.

Replacing remaining incandescent or fluorescent lighting. Around half of our existing lighting is of an LED nature (Internal and External), but there is opportunity to replace the remaining units with low cost, low power consumption LED units. We have had great success in the test units in the office and our hallway security lights. We propose to replace ceiling lighting in Rooms 1/2/3/4, hallway, minister’s office entrance and as a separate project, the hall. Many of these areas have lights that are on for 5-6 days per week and to varying extent, 4 – 6 hours per day. Most of the units are 40 years old. The hall presents a larger challenge, but usage suggests that replacing them with LED options would be a worthwhile option. To replace the hall lights will require the use of a hoist. There are other maintenance projects around the complex that need the use of a hoist, and this project should be combined with those tasks.

Hall heating will also be the subject of a separate proposal below.

Recommendations: Worship Complex (ex hall) • Estimated costs; RobMcDougall determining supply and install costs. But estimated at around $3,500 - $4,000 • Financing to be from annual budgets 2024/2025 • Timing of project: As soon as possible – Installation work to be done by RobMcDougall with helpers.

Hall • Estimated costs; $2,500 - $3,000 • Financing to be from annual budgets 2024/2025 • Timing of project: As soon as a hoist becomes available – Installation work to be done by RobMcDougall with helpers.

Hall heating. Currently we have 8 x 1500 watt heating elements in the hall. Our Heating and Cooling consultants – Coldflow, have indicated that the only workable options for such a large area is either, the existing heating or 4 to 6 Inverter A/c units similar to the foyer. During cooler months (April to September), these units are on for 4 to 6 hours daily and are very expensive to operate. During COVID the units were also used with doors and windows open – a very expensive activity and given they have no fan assisted usage, ineffective.

Recommendation: • Install 4 x 7.1 Inverter A/c units. • Estimated costs; $12,000. • Financing to be determined – some monies may be available from Sustainability Victoria similar to the foyer/fellowship project. (about 50%) Balance to come from Deferred Maintenance fund. • Timing of project: recommend 2027/2029 budget year

Reducing reliance on gas. GWUC has 4 main users of gas. Rooms 1/2/3 have gas heaters and we use gas cooktops in the kitchen. Conversations have occurred with key and regular users of the kitchen from who varied opinions have been received. In the end, it was universally agreed that the gas cooktop should not be changed until it breaks or 2040, whichever comes first. Some like to use it for large events, others see no need for it! The following steps to remove the gas heating in Rooms 1/2/3 will significantly reduce our gas emissions.

Note: Thursday 18th April – The Victorian state minister has announced the removal of all subsidies currently available for the purchase of gas heating, cooking and cooling.

Room 1 currently has an efficient ceiling mounted Inverter A/c and so the gas heater in this room can be disconnected and removed as soon as practical. The cost of removal and isolating the gas line is around $500 and can be covered by the 2024/2025 maintenance budget.

Rooms 2/3 have gas heaters and 35-year-old wall mounted cooling A/c that have outlived their effectiveness and are inefficient. It is recommended that 2 x 5Kwh (or similar) Inverter A/c be installed in these rooms (a single unit with split heads will not support the room usage).

Recommendation: • That the existing A/c and gas units be removed, and the wall holes be made good. • Estimated costs; 2 x $3,000 for A/c • $500 x 2 for gas unit removals and gas supply sealing • Make good – GWUC task - allow $1,000 for internal and external wall repairs. • Financing to be from 2024/2025 property budget – consideration be given to part financing this project from Deferred Maintenance as it is a legitimate charge against that reserve to replace the A/c units. • Timing of project: As soon as possible - following obtaining 2/3 formal quotes.

Manses 15/17/19 Southdown Ave: The manses are a particular challenge to this project and may be subject to State Govt subsidies of up to $3,000 based on the website. But it will need to be confirmed. https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/households/victorian-energy-upgrades-for-households/heating-and-cooling?anchor=Replace_old_heating_and_cooling_systems_with_more_energy-efficient_ones-625798-1

Until we are ready to proceed with any project, there is no point making application. We may be eligible for one subsidy per manse, or one for the project or just one. A further conversation with an HVAC compliant retailer is require if this is seen as a key project. But…

Gas ducted heating The manses all have gas ducted heating. 15/17 have ceiling vented units whereas 19 has under floor ducting. 15/17 have external gas units whereas 19 has an in-roof furnace. The opportunity to get estimated pricing to replace these was taken when our heating/cooling consultant (Coldflow Pty Ltd) was on site. In addition, a member of the congregation has recently converted their home to using a 15 kWh Heat pump ducted heating/cooling. As well an estimate was provided by Advanced One Pty Ltd, who are HVAC certified for removal and replace gas ducted heating specialists. All three confirmed the following: • The existing ducts would need to be replaced. • 15 kWh for a 4 BR home is “about right”. • Costs would be between $12,000 and $14,000 per manse (totalling $42,000 +/-)

The contractors recommend that we take these steps as the existing units fail. It is a false economy to remove working units.

The contractors also recommend as an alternative option that we consider replacing the gas units with 3 – 4 Inverter A/c units, strategically placed in each of the manses. Cost (excluding removing the gas units and the evaporative units in 15/17 manses) of $6,000 to $8,000 per manse. Actual costs should be obtained when this project is given approval to proceed. It also needs to be acknowledged that this option would take away from the manses heating in some rooms such as the ensuites or bathroom/shower.

Major consideration on this project: As the manse energy usage is totally the responsibility of the occupants (either a Placement or alternative Synod person such as we have in 19) the costs of this project would be a capital outlay to the congregation with NO financial return. We would be able to claim emission reduction outcomes but the entire $42,000 would be a non-returnable capital outlay.

Recommendation: Gas replacement – 15/17/19 Southdown • Estimated costs; $42,000 (3 x $14,000) • Financing to be from Deferred Maintenance reserve as and when the exiting units fail. • Timing of project: As and when the existing units fail.

Adding batteries to 15/17 existing solar array 15/17 have 7.5 kWh solar arrays and 19 has nothing. Batteries can be added to these manses at an etsimated cost of $8,000 to $10,000. There would be NO additional state govt subsidies available as the occupants do not own the properties and neither do we, but if Synod was allowed to make that claim there may be some state govt rebates. If approved to proceed, this should be investigated further.

Recommendation: As with the gas heaters the manse energy usage is totally the responsibility of the occupants so the costs of this project would be a capital outlay to the congregation with NO financial return to the congregation. There is no urgency in this task. A 2030/2035 project or when the opportunity or need arises. It may be that members of the congregation would see this as a project to which they would like to “subscribe” both because of altruistic reasons and/or support for our ministry team. This should be canvassed and considered.

Adding solar and batteries to 19 This would be a standard installation of a solar array and battery. We paid around $7,000 each for 15/17 solar installations so that plus battery would create a project of $10,000 to $14,000. Much of this would rely of the supplier we choose. But it would be a non-returnable capital outlay as discussed above.

Recommendation: That we wait until the picture becomes clearer on solar and battery options available to the community. There is no urgency in this task. 2030/2035 project.

Converting manse instant gas solar hot water. 15/17 have solar hot water and gas installations. 19 has gas hot water. There is an opportunity to convert these to a Heat Pump option. We could either wait and combine this project with the installation of alternative heating options, or we could treat this as a separate project. Costs to covert exiting hot water to Heat Pump options is estimated at $4,000 for each manse. Again as above, our heating consultants recommend we wait until the current units fail as there are no financial benefits of replacing working units except some State Govt Subsidies. If we would be available, there would be up to $2,500 per manse available. This needs to be determined before the final report is issued.

Recommendation: • That we determine our eligibility to State Govt subsidies for conversion to Heat Pump options - immediate. • If we are NOT eligible, then we wait until current units fail. • If we are eligible, then we proceed with the conversion in 2025/26

Other general projects considered:

Replacing the worship complex hot water system with a heat pump option: The existing unit is only 4 years old. It is set to heat continuously because it is potentially used from 8:30am to 11:00pm 7 days a week. It is on demand due to two key factors:- • Unlike domestic demand, it is a high volume, frequent irregular use item due to the people flow in the complex. • It needs to be able to cope with a much wider time range depending on lunches, funerals, weddings, and hirers and larger numbers of people.

I was advised by Coldflow and Advanced One that in that selecting a Heat Pump unit size, you need to allow for the need for a high volume, short period of time usage. Heat Pumps are not good at these circumstances and therefore may require a larger size unit than water usage implies. A more detailed discussion, not web page link, needs to be held with commercial suppliers. We need to remember, we are a commercial site, not domestic.

No costings available at this time. We should get a written quote. If batteries are installed in the main complex, the existing hot water unit deficiencies related to emissions etc are significantly mitigated. This project would be best done when the current unit fails.

Kitchen Urnie – Continuous hot water for tea/coffee. No costings available at this time. If batteries are installed in the main complex, the existing unit operation deficiencies related to emissions etc are significantly mitigated. This project would be best done when the current unit fails.

General kitchen waste reduction: It was agreed that we should take all opportunities to adequately sort and reduce general waste. This is an ongoing, non-costs specific task and can be handled by communication with the congregation and hirers, education programs, and good explanations as to why we choose to impose certain expectations on church users.

Warren Greenwood – April 2024 Topic Initiator Final Report is expected to be available late June 2024

Links provided by DavidMorgan and others on various aspects of the topics:

15 Southdown manse energy usage approved by previous occupant - ManseEnergyData

Shared roof solar panels - https://www.clearskysolar.com.au/index.php

Solar battery payback possibilities - https://www.solarquotes.com.au/battery-storage/payback/

Environmental effects of batteries - https://www.solarquotes.com.au/blog/does-battery-storage-help-or-hurt-the-environment/

An alternative view on adding batteries - https://www.solarquotes.com.au/blog/hybrid-vs-solar-inverters/

Getting off gas - GettingOffGas

EV chargers - https://www.monash.edu/news/internal/internal-articles/leading-the-charge-towards-a-sustainable-future

GWUC – a carbon negative facility - EcoTaskHomePage#Data2023

Overnight consumption at GWUC DayNightElectricity

An explanation of how batteries affect emissions.

Final report.